00:03[Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] The Federal Reserve System works every day to support a growing and stable U.S
01:06economy across the United States
01:07The Federal Reserve, through its Federal Reserve Education Program, also helps people understand how the economy works so consumers have the tools to make sound financial decisions
01:21Through this education program, teachers have access to classroom-ready online resources for students from kindergarten to college, including videos, classroom lessons, online education publications, and more
01:32These resources are all free for educators to use in their lesson plans or as they see fit
01:38Many of the Federal Reserve System's regional reserve banks also participate in these outreach efforts
01:40Banks located in 12 districts across the nation also offer in-person and online professional development that allows educators to deepen their knowledge and hone their craft when it comes to economics, personal finance, and more
01:58Students too can take advantage of in-person opportunities by taking tours of exhibits in many of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks around the country
02:07Whether a student visits with their family or a school group, they get an in-depth look at how the Federal Reserve works to promote a healthy, sustainable U.S
02:13economy
02:20At the Board and Reserve Banks, students also get hands-on opportunities like internships and participation on student boards, which introduce them to key economics concepts
02:27Potential careers in economics and finance
02:33Consumers are empowered to make sound financial decisions through the availability of easy-to-understand resources that explain personal finance concepts, the broader economy, and the Federal Reserve's role in it
02:46Federal Reserve Education is committed to helping educators, students, and consumers understand and participate in our evolving economy
02:55For more information, visit federalreserveeducation.org to find links to resources and Federal Reserve Bank programs offered near you, and follow Federal Reserve Education on Twitter at FedEconEd
03:21What is the Fed? So, what is the Fed? What is the Fed? What is the Fed? The Federal Reserve
03:27Often referred to as the Fed, it is the central bank of the United States
03:32Congress created the Fed in 1913 to help promote a safe and sound monetary and financial system for our nation
03:39The Fed includes the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., which has seven members, including the Chairman and Vice Chairman
03:47All of the members of the Board are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate
03:53The Fed also includes 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks located in cities throughout the country
04:00The Reserve Banks serve as the central bank's operating arms and also gather economic information from all over the country to help the Fed both monitor the economy and obtain the broad input necessary
04:11To develop and implement effective U.S
04:13monetary policy today, the Fed performs a number of important functions, all with the ultimate goal of promoting a healthy U.S
04:21economy
04:23One of the Fed's most recognizable functions is conducting U.S
04:25monetary policy, which involves influencing interest rates and the availability of money and credit in our economy
04:32Congress has tasked the Fed with implementing monetary policies that promote maximum employment and stable prices
04:43High levels of employment provide people with more economic opportunities, and stable prices promote growth by making it easier for households and businesses to plan for the future
04:54Monetary policy decisions at the Fed are made by the Federal Open Market Committee
04:56The Market Committee, which includes all seven members of the Board of Governors and presidents from the Reserve Banks, meets regularly to assess the conditions and outlook for the economy
05:07In addition to conducting monetary policy, the Federal Reserve also helps to supervise and regulate the nation’s banks, and works to promote a stable financial system for consumers, communities, and businesses
05:20The Fed also collaborates with communities, non-profit organizations, and others across the nation to address housing problems, promote equal access to credit, and advance economic and community development
05:33The Fed also promotes stability in the financial system because instability in the financial system can..
05:37Pose a severe threat to the broader economy and communities across the nation, the Fed also acts as a bank to other banks by clearing checks, making electronic payments, and providing the currency that Americans need to use every day
05:49Our nation's economy and financial system face constant challenges
05:53The Fed is working every day to address those challenges and is committed to helping foster good economic conditions and outcomes—employment opportunities, stable prices, and financial stability that benefit all Americans
06:04To learn more about the Federal Reserve, you'll find a wide range of resources on the Board of Governors' website at federalreserve.gov
06:25[Music] [Music] [Music] so [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] me [Applause] [Music] [Music] foreign [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] so [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] so [Music] [Music] foreign [Music] [Music] [Music] to [Music] foreign [Music] you [Music] so [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] Good afternoon
41:33At the Federal Reserve, we are strongly committed to achieving the monetary policy goals that Congress has given us: maximum employment and price stability
41:44Today, my colleagues on the FOMC and I kept interest rates near zero and maintained our sizable asset purchases
41:52These measures, along with our strong guidance on interest rates and on our balance sheet, The Fed will ensure that monetary policy continues to deliver strong support to the economy until the recovery is complete
42:07Widespread vaccinations, along with unprecedented fiscal policy actions, are also providing strong support to the recovery
42:15Since the beginning of the year, indicators of economic activity and employment have strengthened
42:20Household spending on goods has risen robustly, the housing sector has more than fully recovered from the downturn, while business investment and manufacturing production have also increased
42:31Spending on services has also picked up, including at restaurants and bars
42:35More generally, the sectors of the economy most adversely affected by the pandemic remain weak
42:42but have shown improvement, while the recovery has progressed more quickly than generally expected, it remains uneven and far from complete
42:53The path of the economy continues to depend significantly on the course of the virus and the measures undertaken to control its spread
43:02Since March, progress on vaccinations has limited the number of new cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, while the level of new cases remains concerning, especially as it reflects the spread of more infectious strains of the virus
43:15Continued vaccinations should allow for a return to more normal economic conditions later this year
43:20In the meantime, continuing observance of public health and safety guidance will help us reach that goal
43:28As soon as possible, overall economic activity conditions in the labor market have continued to improve
43:38Employment rose by 916,000 in March, as the leisure and hospitality sector posted a notable gain for the second consecutive month
43:47Nonetheless, employment in this sector is still more than 3 million below its level at the onset of the pandemic
43:54For the economy as a whole, payroll employment is 8.4 million below its pre-pandemic level
44:01The unemployment rate remained elevated at 6 percent in March, and this figure understates the shortfall in employment, particularly as participation in the labor market remains notably below pre-pandemic levels
44:15The economic downturn has not fallen equally on all Americans, and Those least able to shoulder the burden have been the hardest hit, in particular
44:23The high level of joblessness has been especially severe for lower-wage workers in the service sector and for African Americans and Hispanics
44:33The economic dislocation has upended many lives and created great uncertainty about the future
44:40Readings on inflation have increased and are likely to rise somewhat further before moderating in the near term
44:45Twelve-month measures of PCE inflation are expected to move above two percent as the very low readings from early in the pandemic fall out of the calculation, and past increases in oil prices pass through to consumer energy prices
44:58Beyond these effects, we are also likely to see upward..
45:03Pressure on prices from the rebound in spending as the economy continues to reopen, particularly if supply bottlenecks limit how quickly production can respond in the near term
45:14However, these one-time increases in prices are likely to have only transitory effects on inflation
45:22The Fed's response to this crisis has been guided by our mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people, along with our responsibilities to promote the financial stability of the financial system
45:34As we say in our statement on longer-run goals and monetary policy strategy, we view maximum employment as a broad-based and inclusive goal
45:42Our ability to achieve maximum employment in the years ahead depends
45:46Importantly, on having longer-term inflation expectations well anchored at two percent, as the committee reiterated in today's policy statement
45:55With inflation running persistently below two percent, we will aim to achieve inflation moderately above two percent for some time so that inflation averages two percent over time, and longer-term inflation expectations remain well anchored at two percent
46:10We expect to maintain an accommodative stance of monetary policy until these employment and inflation outcomes are achieved
46:17With regard to interest rates, we continue to expect it will be appropriate to maintain the current zero to one-quarter percent target range for the federal funds rate until the labor market..
46:28Conditions have reached levels consistent with the committee's assessment of maximum employment, and inflation has risen to two percent and is on track to moderately exceed two percent for some time
46:40I would note that a transitory rise in inflation above 2 percent this year would not meet this standard
46:47In addition, we will continue to increase our holdings of Treasury securities by at least 80 billion dollars per month and of agency mortgage-backed securities by at least 40 billion dollars per month until substantial further progress has been made toward our maximum employment and price stability goals
47:05The increase in our balance sheet since March 2020 has materially eased financial conditions and is providing..
47:10Substantial support to the economy
47:14The economy is a long way from our goals, and it is likely to take some time for substantial further progress to be achieved
47:21Our guidance for interest rates and asset purchases ties the path of the federal funds rate and the size of the balance sheet to our employment and inflation goals
47:30This outcome-based guidance will ensure that the stance of monetary policy remains highly accommodative as the recovery progresses
47:39To conclude, we understand that our actions affect communities, families, and businesses across the country
47:43Everything we do is in service to our public mission
47:48We at the Federal Reserve will do everything we can to support the economy for as long as it takes to complete the recovery
47:53Thank you, I'll look forward to your questions
47:56Thank you, Mr
47:59Chair
48:01First, we'll go to Paul Karenin
48:04Hi, uh, Chairman Powell, thanks for doing this
48:07Um, I guess, uh, since I'm first, I'll go ahead and re-raise Howard's question from the last press conference
48:13Is it time to start talking about tapering yet? Have you and your colleagues had any conversations on that? Thanks
48:16Thank you
48:20So, no, it is not time yet
48:24We've said that we would let the public know when it is time to have that conversation, and we said we'd do that well in advance of any actual decision to taper our asset purchases
48:28We will do so
48:33In the meantime, we'll be monitoring progress toward our goals
48:38We first articulated this substantial further progress test at Our December meeting, economic activity and hiring have just recently picked up after slowing over the winter, and it will take some time before we see substantial further progress
48:54Thank you, thank you
48:57John L
49:00at Reuters
49:03Okay, hi, thank you
49:07My question is about what's going on with the virus and what if we don't reach, um, a level of herd immunity per se
49:10So, in your scenario, thinking about the outlook in the economy, do you have a model where you might start to still normalize policy even if there's a baseline of infections still going on? Or how can you, you know, talk about how you're weighing those things—questions about herd immunity and what that looks like to the health experts
49:35But I would certainly say that..
49:36What matters the most to the economic recovery continues to be controlling the virus
49:43The economy can't fully recover until people are confident that it's safe to resume activities involving crowds of people
49:50There may be people who are around the edges of the labor force who won't come back unless they feel really comfortable going back to their old jobs, for example, and there may be parts of the economy that simply won't be able to fully re-engage until the pandemic is decisively behind us
50:10But you know, we've articulated particular guidance for tapering our asset purchases and for lifting off and raising interest rates
50:18Regarding asset purchases, we've said that we would continue at the..
50:23The current pace of asset purchases will continue until we see substantial further progress toward our goals
50:28And that is, that is what it is—substantial further progress
50:34For interest rates, as I, as I said a moment ago, we want to see labor market conditions consistent with maximum employment
50:40We want to see inflation at two percent, and we want to see it on track to exceed two percent
50:45So those are our tests
50:46We don't have an independent test to do with the virus
50:50I will say, though, as I started with, you know, the path of the virus is going to have an effect on our ability to achieve both of those tests
50:57Great, thank you
51:04Gina, hi Chair Powell, thanks for taking our questions
51:12I wonder if you could talk a little bit about that test for raising interest rates
51:15That you just elaborated, you've obviously made it very clear that you want to see improvements in the real economy and in the real data, not just in expectations data, before making that move
51:27But I guess I wonder what happens if inflation expectations were to move up before you see some sort of return to full employment
51:35You know, it seems like a lot of the stability in inflation has been tied to the fact that those have been so low and stable, and I guess I wonder how your reaction would be—very, how your reaction to that is, and how you're thinking about that
51:48So it seems unlikely, frankly, that we would see inflation moving up in a persistent way that would actually move inflation expectations up while..
52:00There was still significant slack in the labor market
52:03I won't say that it's impossible, but it seems unlikely
52:09It's much more likely that, having achieved maximum employment conditions, we'd also be seeing two percent inflation and be on track to see inflation moving above two percent
52:20They tend to move together
52:32So, that's not to say inflation won't move up, but for inflation to move up in a persistent way that really starts to elevate inflation expectations, that would take some time, and you would think that it would be quite likely that we’d be in very strong labor markets for that to happen
52:43If that actually were to occur, though, there is a..
52:45There’s a paragraph in the, uh, in the statement on longer-run goals and monetary policy strategy, which says that when the two goals are somewhat in conflict, we weigh various factors, including the time it would take to get back and forth
52:57So, it doesn’t really tell you what to do, but it tells you that we will weigh those two factors and how far we are away from them and how long it would take to reach them, were we to reach that, that sort of pretty unlikely state
53:03Thank you, Steve Liesman
53:09Thank you, Mr
53:12Chairman
53:16I want to follow up on Janelle’s question, and I wonder if you can help us understand better
53:19You’re thinking about how COVID infection rates and the virus calibrate with monetary policy
53:24As you recall, we had a major..
53:26Resurgence in the virus last fall, and I'm wondering, would you need to be assured that there wasn't such a resurgence coming before you began, I mean, for lack of a better term, thinking about tapering? Um, and what kind of comfort level would you need? Would it be something that would be declared from the CDC or the World Health Organization, for example, downgrading the virus from a pandemic before you have the comfort level to reverse course on policy? Thank you
53:56Yeah, we really have, or just articulated the goals that I've just mentioned, which is substantial further progress toward our goals before we taper
54:04Now, that's very likely for us to achieve that; it's very..
54:10It is likely going to be the case that we've also made really significant progress on controlling the virus through vaccination and other measures
54:17You know, those two things should more or less coexist
54:23We haven't articulated a separate test for a state of the virus that we'd like to achieve because we're not, you know, we're not experts in that area
54:30We're really focused on the economic outcomes
54:36And again, my guess is that it seems very likely to me that for us to achieve the economic outcomes, we would need to taper or to raise interest rates
54:39We would also have to have made very substantial progress in getting the virus under control — not necessarily fully under control
54:48There is, of course, a possibility that we will..
54:51We have ongoing outbreaks, uh, over the summer, various regional outbreaks, and potentially next winter as well
54:57But we'll be looking for substantial progress toward our goal, substantial further progress toward our goals, as we think about tapering asset purchases
55:07Thank you, thank you, Victoria
55:13Hi, Chair Powell
55:19Um, I wanted to ask—you've talked a lot during this crisis about the need to have a lot of help from fiscal policy and monetary policy to make sure that there's not long-term scarring in the economy
55:25And I was just wondering, given all the policies that have been put in place, do you expect there to still be some long-term scarring? And if so, what are you most worried about? Where are you most worried about that? Showing up, so I would say that we were very worried about scarring, both in the labor market from people being out of, uh, out of the labor market for an extended period of time
55:49The evidence is clear that it becomes much more difficult if you're out for a long time to get back in and get back to the life that you had
55:56Same thing with these small businesses, many of which are the work of generations
55:59Were we going to wipe out many of those unnecessarily? That was a big concern
56:05I would say that, so far, you know, here we are in late April of 2021, we haven't experienced that level of scarring, either in the labor market or among smaller businesses
56:17So, we're not living that downside case that we were very concerned about a year ago now
56:22Notwithstanding that, we're a long way from full employment, where, you know, payroll jobs are 8.4 million below where they were in February of 2020
56:31We've got a long way to go, and it's also going to be a different economy
56:34So, we've been hearing a lot from companies that they have been looking at deploying better technology and perhaps employing fewer people, including in some of the service industries that have been employing a lot of people
56:45It may well be, it seems quite likely, that a number of the people who had those service sector jobs will struggle to find the same job and may need time to find work and get back to the employment they had
56:59These were people who were working in February of 2020; they clearly want to
57:03Work, so those people are going to need help, and so, while I would say we haven't seen really highly elevated levels of unemployment for, you know, up in the teens that we thought we might have for an extended period of time, we've still got a lot of people who are out of work
57:20We want to get them back to work as quickly as possible, and that's really one of the things we're trying to achieve with our policy
57:29Thank you, Rachel Siegel
57:32Thank you, Michelle
57:34And thank you, Chair Powell, for taking our questions
57:37The housing market in many American cities is seeing booming prices, bidding wars, and all-cash offers well above asking price, and this is happening at the same time that housing is becoming much more expensive
57:49Lower-income Americans and people who are still struggling from the pandemic, do you have concerns that there are localized housing bubbles or that there's the potential for that, and what is the Fed doing to monitor or address this? Thank you
58:01So, we do monitor the housing market very carefully, of course, and I would say that before the pandemic, it was a very different housing market than it was before the global financial crisis
58:15One of the main differences was that households were in very good shape financially compared to where they were
58:22In addition, more people who got mortgages were people with pretty high credit scores; there weren't the subprime, low-document or no-document lending practices that were present before
58:36We don't have that kind of situation where we have a housing bubble, where people are over-leveraged and owning a lot of houses
58:40There's no question, though, that housing prices are going up, and so we're watching that carefully
58:45It's partly because there's clearly strong demand, and there's just not a lot of supply right now
58:53Builders are, you know, struggling to keep up with the demand
58:55Clearly, inventories are tremendously low; we're all hearing those stories
59:00If you're an entry-level housing buyer, this is a problem because it just makes it that much harder for people to get that first house, and that's a problem
59:09I mean, we, it's part of a strong economy, with people having money to spend
59:14And wanting to invest in housing, so in that sense, it's good
59:18It’s clearly the strongest housing market that we've seen since the global financial crisis, and you know, my hope would be that over time, housing builders can react to this demand and come up with more supply, and workers will come back to work in that industry
59:32So, you know, it is not an unalloyed good to have prices going up this much, and we're watching it very carefully
59:41I don't see the kind of financial stability concerns, though, that really do reside around the housing sector
59:49So many of the financial crack-ups in all countries, all Western countries, that have happened in the last 30 years have been around housing
59:55We really don't see that
59:57Here, we don't see bad loans and unsustainable prices and that kind of thing
01:00:04Thank you, Chris Rugaber, Associated Press, for taking my question
01:00:11I wanted to ask about the labor market
01:00:14Do you see things such as in the Beige Book—you saw in the Beige Book—anecdotes about businesses not able to find workers? I think you're back to the labor market concerns, such as fear of getting sick, child care issues, and so forth
01:00:29Do you see these as just temporary bottlenecks that won't have much effect on the long-term health of the labor market? How are you thinking about these kinds of issues? Chris, you're breaking up a little there, but I think I did get your question
01:00:46So yes, I think there are a number of things going on there
01:00:51The tension between a high level of unemployment and, yet, many companies saying they can't find workers
01:01:02So what's really going on there? It should be a number of different factors
01:01:06There are workers who don't actually have the specific skills that employers are looking for
01:01:12There may be geographical differences
01:01:18It may also be that, for example, one big factor is schools aren't open yet, so there's still people who are at home taking care of their children and would like to be back in the workforce but can't be yet
01:01:25There are also people afraid of COVID-19, and their fears are weighing on them, so some people don't want to go
01:01:28Back to work
01:01:31There are also a significant number of people who say they've retired
01:01:35A large number of people say that they're retired now
01:01:37It's hard to say whether they will come back as the labor market strengthens and as COVID, you know, becomes part of the rearview mirror in the history books, so to speak
01:01:50But clearly, there's something going on out there, as many companies are reporting labor shortages
01:01:56We don't see wages moving up yet, and presumably, we would see that in a really tight labor market, and we may well start to see that
01:02:04I do think so
01:02:11So, what will happen? What we saw during the last expansion—and it may be a different expansion, we don't know—but what we saw was that labor supply..
01:02:18Generally, it showed up, in other words, uh, if you were worried about their running out of workers, it seemed like we never did
01:02:25You know, the labor force participation held up
01:02:28People came into the labor force, and they stayed in the labor force longer than expected
01:02:32So my guess would be that, uh, you will see people coming back into the labor force, and these jobs will be filled, and the labor market will reach equilibrium
01:02:42Maybe pay will go up, but I do think that, uh, and I also think that the unemployment insurance benefits will run out in September
01:02:50So, to the extent that is a factor, which is not entirely clear, it will no longer be a factor fairly soon
01:02:57So, my guess is we will return to an economy where there is an equilibrium between supply and demand in the labor market
01:03:01Labor supply and labor demand
01:03:05It may take some months, though
01:03:08Thank you, Heather Scott
01:03:11I'm sorry, go ahead
01:03:14Go ahead, Chris
01:03:21We lost you, Chris
01:03:27Let's go on to Heather
01:03:33Thank you
01:03:39Good afternoon, Chairman Powell
01:03:45I wanted to ask, of course, these concerns raised by Larry Summers and others about inflation and the fact that they think the Fed might let things get out of hand with the new policy stance
01:03:50So my question is, can you tell us what is different this time versus previous periods, like in the 1960s, when inflation got out of control? Why are you confident that, with the lags in monetary policy, the Fed can get ahead of inflation and make sure it doesn't go too far above the 2% good target? So I
01:04:11Actually, I have a couple of things I'd like to say about inflation, including addressing your question
01:04:16So, let me start with just saying that we're very strongly committed to achieving our objectives of maximum employment and price stability
01:04:21Our price stability goal is two percent inflation over the longer run, and we believe that having inflation average two percent over time will help anchor long-term inflation expectations at two percent
01:04:34With inflation having run persistently below two percent for some time, the committee seeks inflation moderately above two percent for a period of time
01:04:44So, with a little bit of context, we're making our way through an unprecedented series
01:04:49Of events, really, in which a synchronized global shutdown is now giving way to widespread reopening of economies
01:04:57Many places around the world, in the United States, fiscal and monetary policy continue to provide strong support, that vaccinations are now widespread, and the economy is beginning to move ahead with real momentum
01:05:07During this time of reopening, we are likely to see some upward pressure on prices, and I'll discuss why, but those pressures are likely to be temporary as they are associated with the reopening process
01:05:18An episode of one-time price increases as the economy reopens is not the same thing as, and is not likely to lead to, persistently higher year-over-year inflation in the future
01:05:31Inflation at Levels that are not consistent with our goal of two percent inflation over time
01:05:35Indeed, it is the Fed's job to make sure that that does not happen
01:05:40If, contrary to expectations, inflation were to move persistently and materially above two percent in a manner that threatened to move longer-term inflation expectations materially above two percent, we would use our tools to bring inflation and expectations down to mandate-consistent levels
01:05:55 And I would say, if I may, that is a principal difference from— we're all very familiar at the Fed with the history of the 1960s and 1970s, of course
01:06:02We know that our job is to achieve two percent inflation over time
01:06:08We're committed to that, and we will use our tools to do that, so that..
01:06:12That's a very different situation than you had back in the 1960s, or many, many differences actually
01:06:18So, let me talk quickly about the two reasons—two, or you could say three, but really two main reasons—why we think inflation will move up in the near term
01:06:29The first is the base effects
01:06:30Twelve-month measures of inflation are likely to move well above 2% over the next few months as the very low inflation readings recorded in March and April of last year drop out of the calculation
01:06:40That process has already started to show up; you saw it in the March CPI reading, and you'll see it later this week in the PCE price data
01:06:47These base effects will contribute about one percentage point to headline inflation and about seven-tenths of a percentage to the overall measure
01:06:56Point to core inflation in April and May, with many significant increases, and they will disappear over the following months
01:07:02They will be transitory; they carry no implications for the rate of inflation in later periods
01:07:07So that's base effects
01:07:09The other big one I would talk about is bottlenecks
01:07:10This is what we're seeing in supply chains in various industries, and we're in close touch with all of these industries
01:07:19You know that the Fed has a network of contacts that is unequaled in businesses and in nonprofits for that matter too
01:07:26So, what do we mean by a bottleneck? A bottleneck really is a temporary blockage or restriction in the supply chain for a particular good or goods, something that slows down the process of..
01:07:35Producing goods and delivering them to the market, we think of bottlenecks as things that, in their nature, will be resolved as workers and businesses adapt, and we consider them not to call for a change in monetary policy since they're temporary and expected to resolve themselves
01:07:48We know that the base effects will disappear in a few months
01:07:52It's much harder to predict with confidence the amount of time it will take to resolve the bottlenecks or, for that matter, the temporary effects they will have on prices in the meantime
01:08:01So, you know, I'll just sum up and say we understand our job
01:08:08We will do our job, and we're focused, as you've seen for many years, on inflation deviating below two percent
01:08:17And we..
01:08:20We used our tools aggressively to keep inflation back up at two percent
01:08:21If we see inflation moving materially above two percent in a persistent way, that risks inflation expectations drifting upward, then we will use our tools to guide inflation and expectations back down to two percent
01:08:37No one should doubt that we will do that
01:08:39This is not what we expect, but no one should doubt that, in the event, we would be prepared to use our tools
01:08:43Yes, thank you, James Politi
01:08:46You said a few weeks ago that it would, uh, thank you, Chair Powell
01:09:01Um, you said a few weeks ago that it would take a string of months with about a million jobs created each month to make progress toward your goal
01:09:06Can you define what your definition of a 'string of months' is? Specifically, on inflation, the FOMC said the rise in inflation we're beginning to see largely reflects transitory factors, as you just described, but why use the word largely? And what are the factors driving higher prices that may not be transitory based on the initial data that you're seeing? So, what is a string? What did I mean by a string? Well, I would say what we have right now is one, really good
01:09:18I can tell you what it's not
01:09:30It's not one, really good employment reading, which is what we got in March
01:09:42We got close to a million jobs in March and a very strong labor market reading, and I was just suggesting that we'd want to see more like that
01:09:51We're eight and a half million jobs below where we were in February of 2020, and that doesn't Account for growth in the labor force and growth in the economy, the trend we were on
01:09:59So, we have a long way from our goals, and we don't have to get all the way to our goals to taper asset purchases; we just need to make substantial further progress
01:10:09It's going to take some time
01:10:11Um, on largely, you know, there are a bunch of factors
01:10:16I was really thinking about the base effects and also the energy effects
01:10:21I wasn't meaning to say there are some real effects
01:10:24I mean, they're always, they're always relative prices going up and down within inflation
01:10:28You know, there's a basket for CPI or PCE
01:10:29There are many, many factors that go into it
01:10:35Relative prices are always moving up and down
01:10:36Uh, this, this, we..
01:10:38I think it's very fair to say that the increases we see, and frankly are about to see later this week, are largely due to base effects
01:10:45It would have been more contentious to say entirely due to base effects because there are some things that are always going up, and so we just said largely
01:10:53Hi, Chair Powell, thanks for taking our questions
01:11:08Over the past decade, the Fed has invested significant resources in large-scale bank supervision, has completely overhauled that approach, and has even created a special committee that looks horizontally across the largest banks to find common risks
01:11:26Would the Fed not see that multiple banks have large exposures to Archegos? If not, why not? And then, what regulatory changes would you..
01:11:37I would like to see implemented to change that going forward
01:11:41We supervise banks to make sure that they have risk management systems in place so that they can spot these things
01:11:52We don't manage their companies for them or try to manage individual risks
01:11:56In the grand scheme of these large institutions, the Archegos risks were not systemically important or of a size that would have really created trouble for any of those institutions
01:12:09What was troubling, though, was that this could happen in a business—uh, for a number of firms—that is genuinely thought to carry relatively well-understood risks
01:12:18The prime brokerage business is a well-understood business, and so it was surprisingly concerning that a number of them would..
01:12:28I have had this, and it was essentially—I believe—the fact that they had the same big risk position on with a number of firms, and they weren't even aware that some of the other firms had those positions
01:12:40I wouldn't say it's in any way an indictment of our supervision of these firms; in some cases, it may be
01:12:45It seems as though there were risk management breakdowns at some of the firms, not all of them, and that's what we're looking into
01:12:52Thank you, Nancy Marshall-Ginner
01:13:01Hi, Chair Powell
01:13:10I'm wondering, are you planning to visit the homeless encampment near the Fed in Washington that you drive by? Have you been invited, and if you went, what would you be looking to learn? There, you know, frankly, yes, I have not had a chance to do it yet, but I've been very busy
01:13:17I will visit
01:13:23I don't want to visit at a time of a lot of media attention because I don’t want that to be part of the story, but I will go visit when it's no longer a news story
01:13:29I’ve met with homeless people many times, several times anyway, and I think it's always good to talk to people and hear what's going on in their lives
01:13:41What you find out is, they're just us
01:13:45I mean, they're just people who, in many cases, had jobs and have lives, and they've just found themselves in this place
01:13:53It's a difficult problem, though, you know, it really is
01:13:56There are many, many facets of it, and I'm well aware that this is not something that the Federal Reserve has all the tools for or anything like that
01:14:02But I will do that when the need arises and when it's not so much in the public eye
01:14:08Is there anything specifically that you would be looking to learn there? >> Not really
01:14:21I mean, I think I know what I'll find there
01:14:23I think you, you connect with these people, and what you, again, what you find is they're like you—that could be you, I mean, that could be your sister, that could be your kid
01:14:30You always feel that way in that sort of encounter, and it, you know, it just is
01:14:36It's an important thing to engage in, I think, and I think it, you know, we bring that understanding into our lives
01:14:42Frankly, into our work, uh, the work that we do as well
01:14:47Thank you
01:14:53Hi, I wanted to ask about digital currency
01:14:58Uh, you've previously said a few times that you think it's important for the US to get a central bank digital currency right rather than be first
01:15:07But with countries like China moving very quickly on CBDC, I was wondering what you think the risks are of moving too slow on digital currency
01:15:16So, I think the first thing to say is that we feel an obligation to understand the technology and all of the policy issues very, very well
01:15:32Central bank digital currencies are now possible, and we're going to see some of them around the world, and we need to understand whether that's something that would be a good thing for the..
01:15:45People, the system we serve—how would it work in our system—and there are some very, very difficult questions to answer, but I think we, and we are engaged in a serious program to understand both the technology and the policy issues
01:15:59I am, uh, I would say this: we're the world's reserve currency, and that means that the dollar is used in transactions all around the world far more than any other currency
01:16:12That's because of our rule of law, our democratic institutions, which are the best in the world, our economy, our industrious people—everything that makes the United States the United States
01:16:25That's why we're the reserve currency, and of course, we have open capital accounts, which is essential if you're going to be the reserve
01:16:31Currency, so those are the factors that make us the reserve currency
01:16:36I am less concerned that someone in another country might have a digital currency first
01:16:43You know, ask yourself the question: does that mean that if you were a company doing international business, you would suddenly start using that digital currency for your international transactions? Or would you still do them in dollars, which is what everyone does? And I’m not so concerned about that
01:16:57I am really concerned about getting it right
01:17:01It is a tricky set of questions that we have to navigate in a world where we already have, remember, a highly evolved payment system
01:17:12We have FedNow and others
01:17:15Immediately available funds—pretty soon, everybody will be able to do what people do in other parts of the world, which is just use their phone to make immediately available payments all the time
01:17:24It'll be normal
01:17:33And what would be the role of a central bank digital currency in that kind of environment? Um, far more important to get it right than it is to do it fast or feel that we need to rush to reach conclusions because other countries are moving ahead
01:17:43I mean, that, what the currency that's being used in China is not one that would work here; it's wanted that really allows the government to see every payment that's used, for which it's used, in real time
01:17:55It's much more to do with things
01:17:58That are happening within their own financial system more than they are related to, I think, with the global, you know, sort of global competition
01:18:06Thank you, Michael Derby
01:18:10Thank you for taking my question
01:18:13I wanted to ask you another question about inflation, and it has to do with inflation expectations
01:18:16A number of different surveys and market indicators are showing multi-year highs in inflation expectations ratings, so I wondered if that was something you saw as being consistent with your inflation outlook
01:18:30Is that something that worries you, or do you see it as maybe the success of the Fed's new inflation framework, making it more recognizable to the broader public? So, inflation and..
01:18:41Expectations before the pandemic hit, and here we think of survey market-based survey being either households or economists, and market-based
01:18:53You look at all of those, and I would say that they were at the low end of what would have been consistent with a two percent inflation target, particularly our two percent inflation target, which calls for two percent average inflation
01:19:05So, they're at the low end
01:19:08Inflation expectations actually went down a bit at the beginning of the pandemic, and now they've just moved back up to levels broadly that are where they were in 2018, or in some cases 2014
01:19:20I would say more consistent with our mandate, and we want them to be, we want them to be higher, and you know, on a persistent basis
01:19:29We want inflation to run a little bit higher than it has been running for the last quarter of a century, aiming to average two percent, not 1.7 percent
01:19:37For that, we need to see inflation expectations that are consistent with that, really well anchored at two percent
01:19:42We don't really see that yet, but I would say that, you know, break-evens have moved up in a way
01:19:48Break-evens are based on CPI, of course, but they are now at levels that are pretty close to our mandate, whereas before they were below
01:19:57We monitor inflation expectations very, very carefully, as you would obviously know
01:20:01So, that's where I would say it is
01:20:06One small follow-up: do you have any red lines on inflation? Readings, where if you know you hit like a certain number on, say, core PCE, that would be, you know, a trigger response from the Fed
01:20:19It doesn't work that way
01:20:21You know, our inflation measures are always going to be a bit volatile
01:20:25We expect, as I mentioned, we expect core and headline PCE to move up because of base effects
01:20:30And, you know, we expect that to go away
01:20:34We also expect these bottleneck effects to come in
01:20:41We don't know how persistent they'll be
01:20:43We think they'll, you know, be a matter of when they will pass through, not whether they will pass through
01:20:48But we can't be confident about the exact timing or the size of them
01:20:53They don't seem especially large at the moment, but, you know, we don't know
01:20:57I mean, you know, this is all about the reopening of the economy—that's what's happening
01:21:01We were in a deep hole a year ago, and now, with a lot of help from fiscal policy, some additional help from monetary policy, and a great deal of help from vaccination, we're seeing a strong rebound in activity
01:21:16What's happening is that demand can be spurred with fiscal transfers and the saved-up fiscal transfers, and people going back to work and things like that
01:21:29The supply side will take a little bit of time to adapt
01:21:31New restaurants will have to be opened, and the supply of various inputs into the goods sector of the economy will have to be brought back up to speed
01:21:40You're seeing some of that now
01:21:43That'll happen over a period of time, over the coming quarters
01:21:47You'll see some of the bottlenecks resolved, but the last one may not be resolved for some time
01:21:50Thank you
01:21:54Thank you
01:21:58Brian Chung, Ryan Chung with Yahoo Finance
01:22:00 Hi, Chairman Powell
01:22:02Brian Chung with Yahoo Finance
01:22:03I wanted to ask about financial stability, which is a part of the Fed's reaction function here
01:22:05It seems like to people on the outside who might not follow finance daily, they're paying attention to things like GameStop, now Dogecoin, and it seems like there's an interesting reach for yield in this market to some extent, also Archegos
01:22:18 So, does the Fed see a relationship between low rates and easy policy to those things, and is there a financial stability concern from..
01:22:24The Fed's perspective at this time, right? So, we look at financial stability, for us, is really—we have a broad framework, so we don't just jump from one thing to another
01:22:34I know many people just look at asset prices and at some of the things going on in the equity markets, which I think do reflect froth in the equity markets
01:22:43But really, we try to stick to a framework for financial stability so we can talk about it the same way each time and be held accountable for it
01:22:53One of the areas is asset prices, and I would say some of the asset prices are high
01:22:57You are seeing things in the capital markets that are a bit frothy; that's a fact
01:23:01I won't say it has nothing to do..
01:23:04With monetary policy, but it also has a tremendous amount to do with vaccination and reopening of the economy
01:23:09That's really what has been moving markets a lot in the last few months—this turn away from what was a pretty dark winter to now a faster, much more rapid vaccination process and a quicker reopening
01:23:23So, that's part of what's going on
01:23:26The other, the other things, though, you know, leveraging the financial system is not a problem
01:23:31That's one of the four pillars—asset prices
01:23:36Leveraging the financial system is not an issue
01:23:40We have very well-capitalized large banks
01:23:42We also have low funding risks for our largest financial institutions
01:23:47We do have some funding
01:23:52Risk issues around money market funds, but I would say, uh, they're not systemic right now, and the household sector is actually in pretty good shape
01:23:58It wasn't in a very good shape as a relative matter before the financial crisis, or sorry, before the pandemic crisis hit
01:24:05There were real concerns, of course, with high levels of unemployment and loss of wages and all that, that the household sector would weaken dramatically
01:24:13That hasn't happened, so with the fiscal transfers and money that's on household balance sheets, they're in good shape
01:24:21You see relatively low defaults and that kind of thing
01:24:25So, the overall financial stability picture is mixed, but on balance, it's, you know, manageable, I would say
01:24:32It's, by the way, I think it's appropriate and important for financial conditions to remain accommodative to support economic activity
01:24:38Again, eight and a half million people who had jobs in February don't have them now, and you know, there's a long way to go until we reach our goal
01:24:48So that's what I would say as a follow-up
01:24:50You mentioned money market pressures; the Fed didn't make changes to interest on reserves or excess reserves
01:24:56What was the logic behind that? It seems like sulfur has been drifting closer to zero, so I’m just hoping for clarification on that
01:25:01 So, the Federal Funds Rate has been well within the target and target range, and money market funds, money market conditions are fine
01:25:09We have the ability to use..
01:25:12Our administrative tools to make sure that this remains the case
01:25:16We do expect further downward pressure on, uh, on rates through asset purchases and also the runoff in the Treasury General Account, but at this point, we didn't see a need to deploy our tools to support rates, and of course, we will do so if the need does arise
01:25:34Thank you
01:25:39Jean Young
01:25:43Hi, Chair Powell, I wanted to ask a similar question
01:25:47We are seeing elevated market valuations, and some economists are concerned that the economy might overheat, at least for a period of time
01:25:57So, should the Fed and other regulators be thinking about tightening capital requirements or extending oversight to the non-bank sector so that financial stability risks stay as..
01:26:08Less as it has been
01:26:13Thank you
01:26:19So, I think capital requirements for banks, to me, have gone up tremendously, really over the course of the ten years between the financial crisis and the arrival of the pandemic
01:26:25The banks really made it through a real stress test very well and passed three, three of our stress tests, and that is another one that's pending
01:26:38So, uh, capital is in a good place as far as I'm concerned in the banking system
01:26:45But, to your point, what we saw was, so, what kind of happened during the pandemic crisis that requires attention? And number one is money market funds and corporate bond funds, where we saw run dynamics again, and we need to, we're looking at that
01:26:57So, we're looking at ways, and people
01:27:08Around the world, people are looking at ways to make those vehicles resilient so that they don't have to be supported by the government whenever there are severely stressed market conditions
01:27:20It's a private business; they need to have the wherewithal to stay in business and not just count on the Fed and others around the world to come in
01:27:30 That was the other point, which is the Treasury market structure
01:27:33Dealers are committing less capital to that activity now than they were 10 or 15 years ago, and the need for capital is higher because there's so much more supply of Treasuries
01:27:47 So, there are some questions about the Treasury market structure, and there's a lot of careful work going on to understand whether
01:27:55There’s something we can do about this because, you know, the U.S
01:28:00Treasury market is probably the most important market in the economy and in the world
01:28:06It needs to be liquid, and it needs to function well for the good of our economy and our citizens
01:28:14So, it’s not clear where that takes you, but we are taking a careful look
01:28:20The Treasury Department is really going to be leading this, focusing on Treasury market structure and all of its various aspects to ensure that we have a resilient, strong Treasury market that can operate even in difficult times
01:28:36As you know, at the very beginning of the recent financial crisis, there was such a demand for selling Treasuries
01:28:42Including by foreign central banks, that really the dealers couldn't handle the volume, and so what was happening was the market was really starting to lose function
01:28:56That was a really serious problem, which we had to solve through really massive asset purchases
01:29:05So, we'd like to see if there isn't something we can do to build against that kind of extreme tail risk, and if so, what would that look like? Thank you, Edward Lawrence
01:29:18Thank you, Fed Chairman, for the question
01:29:22I'm interested in your thoughts
01:29:24There's so much fiscal help and accommodation from the Federal Reserve
01:29:30You said today that the vaccinations will follow the normal economic conditions
01:29:34Or lead to more normal economic conditions later this year
01:29:36Uh, when do you see the economy being able to stand on its own feet, so to speak? And along those lines, with the fiscal spending and the accommodation you talked about, with transitory inflation, does more spending need to be injected into the system, or would that affect the transitory nature of the inflation? Thank you
01:29:55Um, when will the economy be able to stand on its own feet? I'm not sure if I'm not sure what the exact nature of that question is
01:30:05Well, what I'm saying is, is you know, when will the, when you need to lower the amount of Treasuries you're buying to sort of taper off a little bit? When can it stand without having that support from the monetary policy side? And then, and then further, the transitory—okay, sorry—so, we have, you know, we've articulated our test for that as you know, and that is just—we'll continue asset purchases at this pace until we see substantial further progress, and we're going to communicate well in advance of any decision
01:30:33We're going to let the public know that that's what we're thinking, and so there'll be a lot of warning and that kind of thing, but it's about substantial further progress toward our goals
01:30:42That's really all it is
01:30:50It doesn't have any external virus-related specific requirement, although, again, I do think it'll, you know, the virus will need to continue to be controlled for us to achieve those economic goals, but it's… Really, the economic goals now
01:30:58Your second question, sorry, just let's just say again, I didn't quite get that question
01:31:02Yeah, sure, with all the fiscal spending that's happened and the accommodation in it, does the system need more spending, either from the fiscal side or through accommodation, or would more spending affect the transitory nature of inflation and put upward pressure on inflation in the long term? So, it's really up to Congress
01:31:22We, um, we're not advisors to Congress
01:31:23Um, you know, we don't, um, we don't weigh in on specific fiscal bills or proposals
01:31:30That's really between elected parties
01:31:36You know, the basically fiscal policy is the province of people who stand for democratic election and win, and they get to
01:31:42Make those very difficult decisions, and they get to be accountable to the voters
01:31:46We didn't do any of that, and we don't have a seat at that table
01:31:51We don't seek a seat at that table, so that's really something for Congress and the administration to deal with
01:31:54Thank you
01:31:56Greg Rob, hi Greg Rob from MarketWatch
01:31:58Thank you so much for the opportunity
01:32:09I wanted to circle back to the housing market; it's just kind of confusing—the question and your answer
01:32:15You know, the housing market is strong, prices are up, and yet the Fed is buying 40 billion dollars per month in mortgage-related assets
01:32:22Why is that, and are those purchases playing a role at all in pushing up prices? Thank you
01:32:30Yeah, I, um, I mean, we started buying MBS
01:32:33Because the mortgage-backed security market was really experiencing severe dysfunction, and we've sort of articulated our exit path from that
01:32:44It's not meant to provide direct assistance to the housing market — that was never the intent
01:32:53It was really just to keep that, as it's a very close relation to the Treasury market and a very important market on its own, and so that's why we bought, as we did during the global financial crisis, MBS
01:33:07Again, not an intention to send help to the housing market, which was really not a problem this time at all
01:33:16And, you know, it's a situation where we will taper asset purchases when the time is right
01:33:23Comes to do that, and those purchases will come to zero over time, and that time is not yet
01:33:31Thank you, thank you
01:33:33And for the last question, we'll go to Mike McKee
01:33:36Thank you, Mr
01:33:40Chairman
01:33:43Since I am last, let me go back to Paul's question—the first question—and ask whether you're thinking about tapering, and if so, why you're not
01:33:47We're seeing bank lending fall, the markets seem to be operating well
01:33:56Are you afraid of a taper tantrum, or is it, as one money manager put it, if you get out of the markets, there aren't enough buyers for all of the Treasury debt, and so rates would have to go way up? The bottom line question is: what do we get for 120 billion dollars a month that we couldn't get for less? So it's really not
01:34:15More complicated than this
01:34:17We articulated the substantial further progress test at our December meeting, and really, for the next couple of months, we made relatively little progress toward our goals
01:34:28And remember, substantial further progress from our December meeting, and then vaccination started to get more widespread, the economy reopened
01:34:38We got a really nice job report for March
01:34:44It doesn't constitute substantial further progress; it's not close to substantial further progress
01:34:49We're hopeful that we will see progress along this path toward that goal, and we believe we will, just as a question of when
01:34:59So, when that time, when the time comes for us to talk about it, we'll do that
01:35:03But that… Time is not now
01:35:05It's not — we're just not that far
01:35:08We've had one great jobs report, but it's not enough
01:35:11You know, we're going to act on actual data, not on a forecast, and we're just going to need to see more data
01:35:17That's no more complicated than that
01:35:19Well, if you leave rates where they are, it doesn't change anything, but does it change anything if you actually taper a bit? If you spend less, would you still get the same effect on the economy? If we bought less — unless you're very faint — so, if someone has a volume and they turn it up, but if we bought less — no, I mean, I think the effect is proportional to the amount we buy
01:35:40It's really part of overall accommodative financial conditions
01:35:43We have tried to create accommodative..
01:35:45Financial conditions to support economic activity, and we did that, and we articulated the, you know, the tests for withdrawing that accommodation, and we think, you know, so we're waiting to see those tests to be fulfilled, both for asset purchases and for liftoff of rates
01:36:04Um, and you know, when the tests are fulfilled, we'll, we'll go ahead as we, you know, we've done this before; we did it in, in the last, uh, after the last crisis, and you know, we'll do it in, it maybe we'll do it as those tests are satisfied, we'll do it
01:36:18And the only thing that will guide us is, are the tests met? You know, that's what we focused on—is how have the macroeconomic conditions that we've articulated been realized? That will be the test for, for..
01:36:32Tapering asset purchases and raising interest rates
01:36:34Thank you very much
01:36:38[Music] Oh
01:36:39[Music] You.